Money in Motion: Financial Literacy, Fintech and Behavioural Insights in Emerging India (ISBN: 978-93-49468-66-5)

Rural Financial Inclusion in India: An Access-Based Empirical Analysis of PMJDY, MUDRA, and Stand-Up India Using Secondary Data and a Composite Rural Financial Inclusion Index (RFII)

Author: Lakshay Yadav

The development of financial inclusion initiatives in rural India has advanced beyond a mere flagship scheme to a framework consisting of multiple government initiatives, each aimed at a particular rung of the ladder for financial needs. This chapter engages in an empirical study of three initiatives of the Government of India – the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), the Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (MUDRA), and the Stand-Up India Scheme – in a comparative analysis of the extent of their contributions to rural financial inclusion using secondary data, without involving primary survey tools. The chapter is inspired by a deficiency in the present body of literature, wherein these schemes have been considered in isolation to achieve their respective goals. Based on official information provided by the Department of Financial Services, Press Information Bureau, MUDRA Ltd., and the Economic Survey of India, this chapter performs a comparative assessment of three schemes along three dimensions: reach (scale of beneficiaries), depth (per capita amount for beneficiaries), and inclusivity (female and SC/ST/OBC participation). All three dimensions are combined in an index, the Rural Financial Inclusion Index (RFII), that is built using log-transformed and min-max normalized sub-scores in order to enable a comparative analysis of schemes of widely different scale and structure. The result of the analysis is that PMJDY scores highest on reach and inclusivity and lowest on depth; Stand-Up India has the opposite characteristics; and MUDRA stays consistent at a middle level of performance on all three dimensions. Altogether, the findings paint a picture of a complementary three-tier “pyramid” of rural financial inclusion as opposed to three mutually competing schemes. Besides, the findings show that deposit growth for PMJDY is three times as high as account growth, which indicates true deepening of usage although persistent dormancy rate of about 20 percent means that mere access to accounts has not resulted in universal active usage yet. The chapter ends with the recommendation to pursue inclusivity reporting standardization across the schemes, outreach broadening in Stand-Up India tier, and beneficiary “graduation” monitoring.

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